Mobility of heavy metals in agriCultural landsCape soils: faCtors, assessment, and environmental ConsequenCes using the Sadon lead-zinC Combine as a Case study
Abstract
The relevance of the study is determined by the need for environmental regulation of anthropogenic impact on agricultural landscapes, since exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of mobile forms of heavy metals in soils leads to land degradation, reduced productivity of agroecosystems, and accumulation of toxicants in agricultural products, posing a threat to environmental and food security. Aim. To systematize data on the factors determining the mobility of heavy metals in soils, methods for its assessment, and regional characteristics of its manifestation in the soils of the Sadon Lead-Zinc Plant. Methods. Methodological approaches to environmental regulation–anthropocentric and biocentric–as well as a system of criteria for assessing soil conditions (chemical and physical indicators, exceeding maximum permissible concentrations, humus loss) are considered. A classification of HMs by hazard level and the main sources of their input are provided: natural (rock weathering) and technogenic (industry, motor transport, agriculture). Particular attention is paid to factors determining metal mobility: forms of occurrence (total and mobile), humus content, particle size distribution, reaction of the medium (pH), redox conditions, and soil moisture. Results. It is shown that an increase in soil moisture from 55–60 % to 80–90 % can increase the mobility of elements by 1.5–2 times. Methods for assessing mobile forms using various extractants are analyzed. Regional features of heavy metal accumulation are demonstrated using the example of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania (RNO–Alania). Based on field studies in the zone affected by the Sadon Lead-Zinc Plant, it was established that peak concentrations of lead and zinc are confined to the upper soil horizons, confirming the technogenic nature of the pollution. The main sources are tailings dumps (the Unal dump – 6.1 ha, the Fiagdon dump – 5.6 ha), whose waste contains lead reaching 0.16% and zinc 0.15 %. In biological samples (fruits, potatoes) from populated areas of the Alagir Gorge, exceedances of permissible levels were revealed: the lead content in fruits was almost twice as high as background values, while potatoes showed exceedances of the maximum permissible concentration for zinc by a factor of 1.2–1.6. The necessity of shifting from assessing the total HM content to determining their mobile forms is substantiated.
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