Mudflow activity in the Central Caucasus Mountains in 2025

  • V.A. Karavaev Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29/4 Staromonetniy per., Moscow 119017, Russian Federation
  • A.N. Gunya Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29/4 Staromonetniy per., Moscow 119017, Russian Federation
  • S.V. Kharchenko Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29/4 Staromonetniy per., Moscow 119017, Russian Federation; Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
  • S.S. Seminozhenko Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
Keywords: cycle, mudflow, factors, cumulative effect, Central Caucasus

Abstract

The relevance of the study is caused by the need to identify the causes of large mudflows, which have become more frequent in recent decades. The aim of the study is to identify the specific features of cyclical exogenous processes and assess the contribution of the main factors to their activity. Research methods include field monitoring of key objects – the sources of exogenous processes, analysis of graphs showing the main factors of their development (precipitation, air temperature and seismicity), as well as diagrams of the calculated value – temperature transitions through 0° C. Field surveys were accompanied by high-precision LiDAR survey of the study area from a quadcopter, which allows tracking the consequences of extreme exogenous processes on key natural territorial complexes. Monitoring of exogenous processes was carried out in the valleys of the Cherek Balkarsky and Karasu rivers in the Central Caucasus to identify the specific features of the exogenous processes and assess the contribution of the main factors to their activity. Results. Analysis of large mudflows that occurred in 2012 and 2017 led to the following conclusion: the flows were triggered by the combination of subtle manifestations of mudflow activity factors, including the accumulation of a critical mass of debris by various slope processes. Once the critical mass is reached, even a weak impact from any of the factors, triggers the next mudflow. The factors include precipitation, air temperature, seismicity, frost weathering, relief parameters, the composition of the debris, and its morphological features. In both cases, the flows were influenced by weak earthquakes and, in 2017, by a slight increase in air temperature in the highlands. In July 2025, numerous large mudflows occurred again, in some places in two stages, without obvious meteorological preconditions.

References

Боголепов М.А. О колебаниях климата Европейской России в историческую эпоху. М.: Тип. И.Н. Кушнерева и К°, 1908. – 112 с.

Васьков И.М., Гуня А.Н., Караев Ю.И. Ландшафты как индикаторы эндогенных энергопотоков планеты Земля. // Грозненский естественнонаучный бюллетень. – 2023. – Т. 8. No 1(31). – С. 6–16. DOI: 10.25744/genb.2023.66.94.001.

Заалишвили В.Б., Мельков Д.А., Габараев А.Ф., Мерзликин Т.И. Нелинейные колеба-ния грунтовой толщи по инструментальным и численным данным. // Геология и Геофизика Юга России. – 2021. – Т. 11. No 4. – С. 70–82. DOI: 10.46698/VNC.2021.77.59.006.

Зеркаль О.В., Фоменко И.К. Влияние различных факторов на результаты вероятностного анализа активизации оползневых процессов. // Инженерная геология. – 2016. – No 1. –С. 16–21.

Караваев В.А., Горбунов А.С., Семиноженко С.С. Роль слабых землетрясений в цикле экстремальных экзогенных процессов в горах Центрального Кавказа. // Геология и геофизика Юга России. – 2022. – Т. 12. No 4. – С. 6–18. DOI: 10.46698/VNC.2022.19.24.001.

Караваев В.А., Семиноженко С.С. Цикл экстремальных геоморфологических процессов в бассейне реки Черек Балкарский. // Геоморфология. – 2016. – No 2. – С. 34–40. DOI: 10.15356/0435-4281-2016-2-34-40.

Кривенко В.Г. Концепция внутривековой и многовековой изменчивости климата как предпосылка прогноза. // В сборнике: Климаты прошлого и климатический прогноз. М.: Ин-т охраны природы и заповедного дела, 1992. – С. 39–40.

Кюнтцель В.В. Универсальная система циклов в природе. // В сборнике: Циклы природных процессов, опасных явлений и экологическое прогнозирование. Вып. 2. М.: АЕНР, 1992. – С. 92–96.

Максимов Е.В. Ритмы на Земле и в Космосе. Тюмень: Мандр и Ка, 2005. – 312 с.

Уломов В.И. Выявление потенциальных очагов и долгосрочный прогноз сильных землетрясений на Северном Кавказе. // Коллективная монография: «Изменение окружающей среды и климата. Природные и связанные с ними техногенные катастрофы». Т. 1. Сейсмические процессы и катастрофы. / Под редакцией А.О. Глико. – М.: ИФЗ РАН, 2008. – С. 127–146.

Хаин В.Е. Об основных принципах построения подлинно глобальной модели динамики Земли. // Геология и геофизика. – 2010. – Т. 51. No 6. – С. 753–760.

Хаин В.Е. Основные проблемы современной геологии. 2-е изд. М.: Научный мир, 2003. – 348 с.

Bhambri R., Hewitt K., Kawishwar P., Kumar A., Verma A. et al. ice-dams, outburst floods, and movement heterogeneity of glaciers, Karakoram. // Global and Planetary Change. – 2019. – Vol. 180. – pp. 100–116. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.05.004.

Chen H., Ruan H., Chen J., Li X., Yu Y. Review of investigations on hazard chains triggered by river-blocking debris flows and dam-break floods. // Frontiers in Earth Science. – 2022. – Vol. 10. – Art. No. 830044.

Chizhevsky A.L. Les epidemies et les perturbations electromagnetiques du milieu exterieur. Paris: Hippocrate, 1938. – 239 p.

Donnini M., Santangelo M., Gariano S.L. et al. Landslides triggered by an extraordinary rainfall event in Central Italy on September 15, 2022. // Landslides. – 2023. – Vol. 20. – рр. 2199–2211. DOI: 10.1007/s10346-023-02109-4.

La Porta G., Leonardi A., Pirulli M. et al. Time-resolved triggering and runout analysis of rainfall-induced shallow landslides. // Acta Geotechnica. – 2024. – Vol. 19. – pp. 1873–1889. DOI: 10.1007/s11440-023-01996-0.

Ma J., Luo B., Zhao Y. et al. Detection and automatic identification of landslide areas from the LiDAR point clouds using improved DBSCAN. // Landslides. – 2025. – Vol. 22. – рр. 3843–3854. DOI: 10.1007/s10346-025-02569-w.

Novak A., Vrabec M., Smuc A. Long-term post-event processes and major reactivation of a complex landslide: 2000–2023 evolution of the Ciprnik landslide, Julian Alps, Slovenia. // Landslides. – 2025. – Vol. 22. – рр. 4013–4027. DOI: 10.1007/s10346-025-02598-5.

Prenner D., Hrachowitz M, Kaitna R. Trigger characteristics of torrential flows from high to low alpine regions in Austria. // The Science of the Total Environment. – 2019. – Vol. 658. – pp. 958–972. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.206.

Weidner L., van Veen M., Lato M., Walton G. An algorithm for measuring landslide deformation in terrestrial lidar point clouds using trees. // Landslides. – 2021. – No. 18(11). – рр. 3547–3558.

Published
2025-12-30