Роль гидрологии в мониторинге склонов холмов и снижении риска оползней
Резюме
Актуальность работы. Оползни представляют собой серьезную геогидрологическую опасность, а подземные процессы, вызванные осадками, играют решающую роль в дестабилизации склонов. Цель работы – выявить состояние при изучении различных особенностей оползней. Несмотря на значительные успехи в исследовании оползней, интеграция гидрологии склонов с системами мониторинга и раннего предупреждения остается фрагментарной. В обзоре обобщены последние достижения в области исследования оползней с акцентом на гидрологические механизмы их возникновения и их включение в системы раннего предупреждения об оползнях (LEWS). Методы. Был проведен структурированный обзор рецензируемых исследований, опубликованных в период с 2012 по 2022 годы, с использованием базы данных Scopus, дополненный тематической классификацией экспериментальных, численных и полевых исследований. Результаты. Анализ выявил, что инфильтрация осадков, изменение давления поровой воды, снижение матричного всасывания и колебания уровня грунтовых вод являются доминирующими гидрологическими факторами, определяющими реакцию склонов. При этом многочисленные исследования сосредоточены на неглубоких оползнях в ненасыщенных условиях, и сравнительно мало внимания уделялось глубоким процессам и взаимодействию грунтовых вод с коренными породами. Далее рассматриваются архитектуры LEWS, основанные на датчиках и моделях, с акцентом на преобладание подходов, основанных на пороговых значениях осадков, и растущую роль гидромеханических и машинных моделей обучения. Установлена необходимость интеграции подземного гидрологического мониторинга с геотехнической характеристикой для повышения надежности прогнозирования и эксплуатационной устойчивости LEWS в регионах, подверженных оползням.
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